IP AddressIX

IP address is a logical address for a network adapter. The IP address uniquely identifies computers on a TCP/IP network.

An IP address can be private - for use on a LAN - or public - for use on the Internet or other WAN. IP addresses can be determined statically (assigned to a computer by a system administrator) or dynamically (assigned by another device on the network on demand).

Two IP addressing standards are in use today. The IPv4 standard is most familar to people and supported everywhere on the Internet, but the newer IPv6 standard is planned to replace it and starting to be deployed.

IPv4 addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits). Each byte of an IP address is known as an Octet. Octets can take any value between 0 and 255. Various conventions exist for the numbering and use of IP addresses

Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers

Binary and hexadecimal numbers are two alternatives to the traditional decimal numbers we use in daily life. Critical elements of computer networks like addresses, masks, and keys all involve binary or hexadecimal numbers. Understanding how such binary and hexadecimal numbers work is essential in building, troubleshooting, and programming any network.

Step to change IP address form from hexadecimal to binary :

a. divided the first number ( before first dot<.> ) of your decimal IP address until it remnant 1.
example :

1. 192 : 2 = 96 remain 0
2. 96 : 2 = 48 remain 0
3. 48 : 2 = 24 remain 0
4. 24 : 2 = 12 remain 0
5. 12 : 2 = 6 remain 0
6. 6 : 2 = 3 remain 0
7. 3 : 2 = 1 remain 1

So the Binary Number of 192 is 11000000

To change the binary number into hexadecimal number :
example :
hexadecimal number of 10010001 is :
128 / 64 / 32 / 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1
1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1

128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 145
so its Easy for you to change binary numbers to hexadecimal numbers or hexadecimal numbers to binary numbers.

SubneT MasK

A subnet allows the flow of network traffic between hosts to be segregated based on a network configuration. By organizing hosts into logical groups, subnetting can improve network security and performance.

Perhaps the most recognizable aspect of subnetting is the subnet mask. Like IP addresses, a subnet mask contains four bytes (32 bits) and is often written using the same "dotted-decimal" notation. For example, a very common subnet mask in its binary representation

How to apply Subnet Mask

A subnet mask neither works like an IP address, nor does it exist independently from them. Instead, subnet masks accompany an IP address and the two values work together. Applying the subnet mask to an IP address splits the address into two parts, an "extended network address" and a host address.

For a subnet mask to be valid, its leftmost bits must be set to '1'. For example,

00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

is an invalid subnet mask because the leftmost bit is set to '0'.

Conversely, the rightmost bits in a valid subnet mask must be set to '0', not '1'. Therefore,

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

is invalid.

All valid subnet masks contain two parts: the left side with all mask bits set to '1' (the extended network portion) and the right side with all bits set to '0' (the host portion), such as the first example above.

IP Privat : Subnet Mask

• A 10. 1-255. 1-255 .1-255 255. 0. 0. 0
  
• B 172. 16-31. 1-255 .1-255 255. 255. 0. 0
  
• C 192. 168. 1-255 .1-255 255. 255. 255. 0
  
• A 1-126. 1-255. 1-255. 1-255
• B 128-191. 1-255. 1-255. 1-255
• C 192-223. 1-255. 1-255. 1-255
• D 224-239. 1-255. 1-255. 1-255
• E 240-255. 1-255. 1-255. 1-255